Optimal body mass normalization of power output for accurate prediction of estimated cycling performance over complex time-trial courses

The results indicate that the duration-weighted optimal mass exponents for the power-to-mass ratio are course-specific. By deriving optimal mass exponents across various modeled courses and wind conditions, the study was able to precisely quantify the influence of road gradient, headwind speed, and bicycle mass on the conversion of power output relative to body mass into speed. Further research is needed to validate the presented method for determining optimal mass exponents in real-world performance settings.