Prevalence and Predisposing Factors of Stroke in the Saudi Arabian Population

Abstract Introduction: Stroke, the second-leading cause of death globally, affects 16.9 million people annually, accounting for 11.8% of deaths. In Saudi Arabia, lifestyle changes have heightened stroke risk, driven by diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Annual incidence is 29 per 100,000, with regional variations–, for example., 57.64 per 100,000 in Aseer and 13.89 per 100,000 in Al-Madinah. Higher rates amongst men were noted in Taif. Cases are projected to rise 57%–67% over the next decade, underscoring the need for improved prevention and care. Objectives: This study aimed to establish stroke prevalence and predisposing factors amongst the Saudi population. Methodology: A cross-sectional study (July–December 2024) surveyed 384 Saudi adults recruited through social media. A structured questionnaire, adapted from a Chinese study, collected data on demographics, stroke history, traditional and non-traditional risk factors (including stress and hormonal influences) and medication use. Participants under 18 were excluded from the study. Results: Amongst 817 participants, 1.1% reported a stroke history, with 66.7% of survivors avoiding paralysis. Major risk factors included obesity (66.2%), smoking (20.3%) and physical inactivity (61.3%). Hypertension (8.8%) and diabetes (6.2%) were less common. Significant associations were found between stroke and age, marital status, education and employment ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study highlights obesity, smoking and inactivity as key stroke risk factors in Saudi Arabia, necessitating targeted public health interventions. Despite lower-than-expected hypertension and diabetes prevalence, enhanced awareness and screening remain vital to address these risks effectively.