The small GTPase Ran defines nuclear pore complex asymmetry

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) bridge across the nuclear envelope and mediate nucleocytoplasmic exchange. They consist of hundreds of nucleoporin building blocks and exemplify the structural complexity of macromolecular assemblies. To ensure transport directionality, different nucleoporin complexes are attached to the cytoplasmic and nuclear face of the NPC. How those asymmetric structures are faithfully assembled onto the symmetric scaffold architecture that exposes the same interaction surfaces to either side remained enigmatic. Here, we combine cryo-electron tomography, subtomogram averaging, and template matching with live imaging to address this question in budding yeast and Drosophila. We genetically induce ectopic nuclear pores and show that pores outside the nuclear envelope are symmetric. We furthermore demonstrate that the peripheral NPC configuration is affected by the nucleotide state of the small GTPase Ran. Our findings indicate that the nuclear transport system is self-regulatory, namely that the same molecular mechanism controls both transport and transport channel composition.