Predation effects of flupyradifurone on Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), a potential natural enemy of Asian citrus psyllid

Diaphorina citri is a globally significant pest of citrus. A pest management strategy integrating flupyradifurone with Orius strigicollis has the potential to enhance control efficacy against D. citri, but its success depends on the predation efficiency of O. strigicollis under flupyradifurone exposure. The daily stage predation rate (D_j) and stage total predation rate (P_j, U_j) of O. strigicollis on D. citri eggs increased with development progression across varying flupyradifurone concentration. However, the stage-specific net predation rate (Z_j) of immature O. strigicollis significantly decreased at 0.34 mg a.i. L^-1 flupyradifurone. The net predation rate (C₀) at 0.17 mg a.i. L^-1 showed no significant difference from the control, but both were significantly higher than that at 0.34 mg a.i. L^-1. The finite predation rate (ω), stable predation rate (ψ), and transformation rate (Q_p) did not differ significantly between 0.17 mg a.i. L^-1 and the control. The predation potential at 0.17 mg a.i. L^-1 was higher than that at 0.34 mg a.i. L^-1 and comparable to the control. In experiments using Murraya paniculata seedlings, the predation rates of O. strigicollis at 0.34 mg a.i. L^-1 were not significantly different from the flupyradifurone-only treatment in the 30-d population scenarios but increased significantly in the 60-d scenarios, indicating that releasing O. strigicollis nymphs at or beyond the third instar significantly enhances predation efficiency on D. citri eggs under flupyradifurone exposure. Integrating flupyradifurone (≤ 0.34 mg a.i. L⁻¹) with third-instar nymphs or older O. strigicollis optimizes D. citri egg predation efficiency in citrus management.