Impact of oscillation on hybrid nanofluid convective heat Transfer: Implications for climate change

The key objective of this study is to investigate the impact of oscillation amplitude and phase angle on hybrid nanofluid convective heat transfer and its significance in climate change along the surface of a tilted hemisphere positioned at an angle α relative to the reference plane. Additionally, this research examines climate sustainability by utilizing hybrid nanoparticles as an effective cooling medium. This cooling mechanism efficiently enhances heat regulation and supports environmental stability. To explore fluid behaviour, a mathematical model involving nonlinear coupled partial differential equations is developed based on the flow configuration. First, the equations are transformed into a dimensionless form using an appropriate scaling parameter, separating their steady and oscillatory components. The dimensionless model is then converted into primitive form by using the primitive variables formulation. Finally, the equations are discretized using the Finite Difference Method (FDM) for computational analysis. These findings highlight the novelty of key controlling parameters in steady and unsteady flow. Contour plots indicate that the mixed convection parameter ( R i C ) strongly influences heat and mass transfer in unsteady conditions. At higher positions, the high-temperature zones become more concentrated, indicating reduced heat transfer. Similarly, the shrinking high-concentration areas indicate decreased mass transfer. The results are presented through detailed graphs, tables, and contour plots that clearly show the physical and numerical behaviour of the system.