Organic compounds as biostimulants: Cow derivatives, botanicals and biofertilizers enhancing seed germination, vigour and yield in paddy

Organic agriculture employs various natural techniques to cultivate crops, emphasizing crop rotation, composting and biological pest control. In modern intensive agriculture, chemical fertilizer plays a major role. Continuous application of these chemicals leads to the accumulation of residues, resulting in soil hardening and degradation of soil structure. Although chemically treated seeds and inorganic inputs can enhance crop yield initially, their excessive use may negatively affect productivity and result in the accumulation of toxins, rendering the produce unfit for human consumption. Organic farming addresses many of the challenges faced by modern agriculture and food production. The idea behind organic farming is to use affordable, easily accessible inputs. Organic farmers pay significantly more for labour and feed also spend less on inputs. Organic farming utilizes farmyard manure, compost, green manures, farm waste, vermicompost and crop residues that increases the crop yield and restore soil fertility. In this paper, the reasons for using organic compounds are reviewed and their roles are analysed, particularly focusing on their effects as seed treatments and foliar applications on seed germination, growth and yield in paddy. In future, new research pathways emerge, offering the chance to improve organic practices and ensure healthy environment.