Technical Suitability of Implantable Cardiac Devices for Recreational Diving.
In the absence of technical indications or guidelines, a multidisciplinary evaluation between cardiology, diving medicine, and sports medicine is essential to establish the suitability for underwater sports in implanted patients. Before each diving trip, device control is advisable, and underwater physiological adaptations should be considered, especially in the cardiovascular domain. Stressors other than water and pressure must be considered during diving, such as lead strain caused by arm movements and pressure exerted by suits or buoyancy control devices on the chest. Future directions point towards a follow-up of implanted, active divers and developing leadless devices and underwater telemonitoring.
Authors
- Enrico Maria Camporesi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3548-1097)
- Igor Diemberger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-3809)
- Marco Vitolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-6249)
- Cristian Martignani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8774-2127)
- Matteo Paganini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7556-6928)
- Gerardo Bosco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-7944)
- Mauro Biffi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4590-8584)
- Matteo Ziacchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3617-2739)
- Giuseppe Boriani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-4815)
- Luigi Tarsia
Institutions
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Bologna (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- PubMed
- Published
- 2025-08-28
- Primary Topic
- Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00