Characterization of whey proteins and their derived peptides in Binglangjiang versus Dehong buffalo milk

As unique genetic resources, the differential characteristics of whey proteins and their derived peptides between Binglangjiang and Dehong buffaloes remain unclear. This study employed an integrated proteomics and peptidomics approach to elucidate the similarities and differences in whey proteins and their derived peptides between the 2 buffalo species. Proteomic analysis identified 405 proteins in total, 15 unique proteins and 390 common proteins (6 showed significant expression differences), indicating high similarity in whey protein composition between the 2 species. A total of 75 peptides were identified from whey proteins of both buffalo species following simulated gastrointestinal digestion, with the β-LG-derived peptide TPEVDDEALEK being the most abundant. Twelve of these peptides possess potential immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities in silico prediction. Furthermore, both whey proteins and their derived peptides could promote the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and inhibit nitric oxide (NO) secretion in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, especially Binglangjiang buffalo. These 2 buffalo species demonstrated similarities in whey protein composition, derived peptides, and their activities. These findings provided important insights for understanding the nutritional value and functional properties of buffalo whey proteins.