Bibliometric analysis of immunogenic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma

The findings confirm ICD as an emerging cornerstone of HCC research, with demonstrated capacity to reshape clinical-trial portfolios and refine biomarker-driven patient stratification, reflecting both deeper mechanistic insights and accelerating translational efforts. Ongoing challenges include refining biomarkers, integrating ICD inducers with immunotherapies, and accounting for HCC's inherent complexities such as chronic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction. Future research directions focus on the use of nanotechnology for precise drug delivery, the integration of metabolomics and genomics data to enable personalised treatment, and the improvement of combination therapies combined with local interventions.