Technological advancements in X-Ray: From digital to AI-based interpretation

The X-ray is one of the medical imaging pioneers since it was first discovered in 1895, with significant progress in the last several decades. Modern discoveries, such as digital radiography (DR), of those of the computed tomography (CT), such as photon-counting detectors (PCD-CT), dynamic digital radiography (DDR), as well as artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis (AI), have revolutionized diagnosis. These allow an image quality enhancement, patient exposure reduction towards radiation, as well as diagnostic precision in diseases including cancer of the lungs, tuberculosis, as well as musculoskeletal diseases. This review includes X-ray advances in technology, with an emphasis on digital image systems, superior CT processes, DDR in movement imaging, as well as AI-assisted diagnostic systems. We further present sustainable practices in radiology as well as challenges in using them clinically, such as cost, accessibility, as well as regulation challenges. This review points out how such advances have changed radiology while compensating against disadvantages, as well as directions towards precision as well as environmental conservation.