Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding and Managing Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Pathophysiology and Outcomes

Background: The global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has significantly increased over the past three decades, with a notable rise in morbidity and mortality rates. Recent research highlights a potential link between oral health, specifically oral dysbiosis, and cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: This review synthesizes current literature on the relationship between the oral microbiome and cardiovascular diseases, focusing on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure (HF). We analyzed epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and mechanistic research to elucidate the pathways through which oral dysbiosis may influence cardiovascular health. Results: Evidence suggests that periodontal infections contribute to systemic inflammation and bacteremia, facilitating atherogenesis and exacerbating cardiovascular conditions. Notably, specific oral pathogens have been identified in atherosclerotic plaques, indicating a direct connection between oral dysbiosis and ASCVD. Furthermore, interventions such as periodontal treatment have shown promise in reducing inflammatory markers and improving cardiovascular outcomes. Conclusion: The interplay between oral health and cardiovascular disease underscores the need for an interdisciplinary approach in managing CVD, integrating dental care into cardiovascular risk assessment and treatment strategies. Future research should aim to establish causal relationships and explore therapeutic interventions targeting oral microbiota to mitigate cardiovascular risks.