Molecular genetic analysis of apple varieties breeded by the institute "zhigulevskie gardens" by the Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genes of ethylene biosynthesis in fruits during ripening and their storage

The preservation of the hardness of apples with juicy and crispy flesh during maturation determines the taste of the fruits, affects their resistance to mechanical damage and pathogens. The cultivation of varieties with a low level of biosynthesis in fruits contributes to a longer preservation of consumer advantages of apples during storage. The aim of the research was to analyze the composition of alleles of the Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening of apple varieties selected by GBU SB Research Institute «Zhiguli Gardens». The object of study was 7 varieties of autumn apple trees and 18 varieties of winter fruit ripening period. The research was carried out in the laboratory of molecular genetic analysis of fruit plants of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University. It was found that all the studied apple varieties are carriers of the Md-ACS1-1 and Md-ACO1-2 alleles, the simultaneous presence of which in one genotype in a homozygous state indicates a high level of ethylene biosynthesis in fruits during ripening and storage. The heterozygous state in one apple tree genotype of the Md-ACS1-1 and Md-ACS1-2 alleles was noted in the varieties Buyan, Volga saffron of the autumn ripening period and in the varieties Krasnoglinsky, Kuibyshevskoye, Mayak of the Volga region, Original, Memory of Korolev, Gift to the Minister, Dawn of the Volga region of the winter ripening period. The varieties Buyan, Krasnoglinskoye, Original, Gift to the Minister and Spartan contain the Md-ACO1 gene in a heterozygous state (Md-ACO1-1/2). A combination of heterozygous states of the Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genes, which determines the average level of ethylene synthesis in fruits during maturation and storage, has been identified in the varieties Buyan, Krasnoglinskoye, Original and Gift to the Minister. These varieties are of interest to apple producers and can be used in breeding programs as sources of breeding-valuable alleles for the creation of new forms with hard flesh and good shelf life of fruits during storage.