Chitosan Nanoparticles: Revolutionizing Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

The primary goal of a drug delivery system is to transport drugs to their intended locations. Researchers have utilized various polymers to create nanoparticles that enhance the therapeutic effects of drugs while minimizing toxicity levels. Chitosan, a natural polymer derived from chitin, is commonly used in this process. Chitosan is obtained by removing its acetyl groups and possesses several desirable characteristics for drug delivery, such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, eco-friendly, and anti-inflammatory. This review aims to explore the creation of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) using different preparation methods, examine the challenges associated with using ChNPs for various purposes, and investigate their potential in the medical field. Advanced gelation methods, such as ionotropic gelation, microemulsion, and emulsification solvent diffusion techniques, are highly efficient for generating ChNPs. Chitosan nanoparticles have the advantage of being able to encapsulate and regulate drug release, particularly in acidic aqueous environments. This review also delves into the biodegradability and toxicity of chitosan and discusses the properties of nanospheres that make them promising for targeted drug delivery to specific areas of the body. In conclusion, this study contributes significantly to the ongoing effort to develop more advanced drug delivery approaches that address the limitations of current methods.