Exploring Innovative Approaches to Glycaemic Control and Diabetic Complications Prevention through Clustering-Based Classification in Adult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus - A Comprehensive Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic and endocrine disorder; it is characterized by an absolute decrease in insulin secretion. Nevertheless, there are additional factors in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, such as elevated glucagon secretion, decreased renal glomerular glucose absorption, insulin resistance in adipocytes, and dysfunction of neurotransmitters. Although a variety of therapies are currently available for glycemic control, managing diabetes mellitus is still challenging and complex due to the determination of many pathogenic factors that contribute to the illness. Today's DM therapeutic interventions primarily target glucose control; however, they fail to take into account additional pathological elements that ultimately cause treatment failure and DM progression. Moreover, prolonged use of these commercially available anti-diabetic medications causes a variety of side effects, which is why scientists are always looking for novel anti-DM medications. These innovative therapeutic approaches target both alternating and multiple pathogenic hotspots linked to diabetes mellitus (DM), according to numerous international studies. The current review article discusses both potential side effects from the use of these novel candidate drugs and novel therapeutic options that hold particular promise for ensuring their safety. This will help to successfully develop these drugs into potentially effective medications for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.