Influence of print heads on the additive manufacturing process: material selection for printing, and ensuring design characteristics of building products and structures

The design of material compositions for construction 3D printing is primarily aimed at meeting the design requirements imposed on building structures and products. The main design requirements are typically strength and deformation characteristics, durability over the service life, as well as the technological properties of materials that ensure high-quality production during the manufacturing of building products and structures. In the process of 3D printing, the most commonly used materials are dry construction mixtures, for which it is necessary to consider all stages of the technological process during composition design, starting from the dosing stage, to significantly simplify preparation. This paper examines the key aspects of the influence of print heads on the requirements for materials used in construction 3D printing, their technological properties, and the anisotropy of properties in construction materials and products. A review and analysis of various types of print heads is conducted, and the physical and mechanical processes occurring during printing are considered. The main technological factors affecting the physical and mechanical properties of construction materials and products are analyzed, which must be taken into account when designing compositions.