Monkeypox: A resurgent zoonotic threat in the post-pandemic era

Monkeypox (mpox), once considered a rare zoonotic infection limited to parts of Africa, has re-emerged over the past few years as a significant global health concern. Since the 2022 outbreak, cases have been reported in over 100 countries, with both Clade I and Clade II viruses contributing to sustained human transmission. The disease, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has drawn attention not only for its clinical resemblance to smallpox but also for its potential to spread through close contact and cause complications in vulnerable groups. This review highlights the evolving epidemiology, clinical features, and phylogeny of the virus, along with current strategies for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and vaccination efforts, antiviral options, and global surveillance challenges. With over 140,000 confirmed cases worldwide as of mid-2025, mpox has exposed gaps in outbreak preparedness, vaccine equity, and public health coordination. Addressing these issues through a One Health approach and integrated global action is key to containing mpox and preventing future zoonotic threats.