The preparation of Geer cow urine distillation (CUD) and an investigation of inorganic metal ion in Geer CUD

Geer Cow Urine Distillate (CUD), a traditional biofluid with potential therapeutic and agricultural applications, was analyzed to evaluate its physicochemical quality, safety, and elemental composition. The study assessed pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), organoleptic properties, and toxicity using standard analytical techniques. The pH of CUD was found to be 8.0, aligning with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, while TDS was significantly reduced from 24.8 g/kg in fresh cow urine to 0.409 g/kg in CUD, indicating effective purification through distillation. Sensory analysis revealed the CUD to be colourless, odourless, and slightly bitter, and toxicity tests confirmed it to be non-toxic. Elemental analysis detected essential macro-elements such as calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and iron, consistent with bovine metabolic needs. However, trace amounts of potentially toxic elements like arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were also present, warranting concern. These findings highlight the high quality and safety of CUD, while emphasizing the importance of environmental monitoring to minimize contamination risks. Overall, CUD exhibits promising characteristics for pharmacological, antimicrobial, and biostimulant applications.