Time, rhythm, and health: A review of Unani's natural cycles and modern chronobiology

Time has always been an integral component of health and disease. In Unani medicine, ancient physicians emphasized the influence of natural cycles—seasonal changes (Mausam), age-related temperament shifts, and diurnal variations (Mizaj-e-Zamani)—on human physiology and pathology. Modern physiology, particularly chronobiology, similarly investigates biological rhythms such as circadian, ultradian, and infradian cycles and their implications in health and disease. This paper explores the intersections and complementary understandings between Unani time-bound health frameworks and modern chronobiology, emphasizing how both recognize temporal rhythms as foundational to diagnosis, prevention, and therapy. Integrating these perspectives can provide a comprehensive, personalized approach to healthcare, merging tradition with cutting-edge science. [1, 2, 3]