Comparing Human-Designed and AI-Enhanced Science Lessons: A Pilot Study in K-5 Education

Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd) is a rapidly growing field, yet concrete applications in early Science Education remain limited.This pilot study investigates the impact and perception of generative AI tools in designing and delivering science lessons in K-5 classrooms, compared to traditional human-designed instruction.The research was conducted in two phases: i) a preliminary survey involving Italian nursery and primary school teachers to assess familiarity and expectations toward educational technologies, and ii) a field intervention comparing six traditional and six AI-assisted science lessons, followed by a second structured questionnaire completed by seven teachers.Results reveal that while traditional teaching remains essential for fostering foundational skills, empathy, and real-world connections, AI/GAI tools can enhance engagement through immersive and adaptive experiences.However, effective integration requires targeted teacher training and mindful implementation.This study highlights the complementary strengths of human and AI-led instruction, advocating for balanced, inclusive, and pedagogically grounded innovation in early STEM education.However, further research is needed to evaluate long-term educational impact and scalability.