Heavy-flavored hadrons: A perfect tool to decipher the dynamics of hadronic collisions at the Large Hadron Collider

This study presents the production dynamics of heavy-flavor hadrons such as D 0 and Λ c + as a function of charged-particle multiplicity ( N ch ) in p p collisions at s = 13 TeV using a pQCD-based framework called PYTHIA8. The thermodynamically consistent non-extensive Tsallis distribution function is used to analyze the transverse momentum ( p T ) spectra of D 0 and Λ c + . The effective temperature ( T ) and non-extensive parameter ( q ) have been extracted and found to increase with N ch both for D 0 and Λ c + . Exploiting the value of T and q , the speed of sound squared ( c s 2 ) and Knudsen number ( K n ) are estimated to uncover the possibility of thermalization and applicability of hydrodynamics in a small collision system.