HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION

Introduction: Hypertensive emergencies in children are rare but potentially life-threatening conditions characterized by severe elevation in blood pressure with evidence of acute target-organ damage. Unlike adults, pediatric hypertension often arises from secondary causes, including renal, cardiovascular, endocrine, or neurological disorders. Early identification and prompt management are critical to prevent irreversible complications. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of hypertensive emergencies in pediatric patients, focusing on etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and evidence-based management strategies. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar published within the last five years. Studies involving children and adolescents with hypertensive emergencies were included. Relevant guidelines and expert consensus documents were also reviewed. Results and Discussion: Recent literature emphasizes the importance of distinguishing hypertensive urgency from emergencies in pediatric care. The most common etiologies remain renal diseases, particularly glomerulonephritis and renovascular disorders. Clinical manifestations vary by age and target organ involvement, with neurologic symptoms being the most frequent. Management includes immediate but controlled reduction of blood pressure using intravenous agents, guided by continuous monitoring and etiological investigation. Conclusion: Hypertensive emergencies in children demand a high index of suspicion, structured diagnostic workup, and individualized therapeutic plans. Multidisciplinary approaches and awareness among pediatricians and emergency professionals are essential for reducing morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.