An Energy–Distance-Balanced Cluster Routing Protocol for Smart Microgrid IoT Sensing Networks

To address the issues of cluster imbalance and inefficient energy utilization in IoT-based microgrids with static nodes, a new routing protocol, called the link efficiency and available-energy-driven routing protocol (LEAD-RP), has been developed. This protocol introduces a flexible method for determining the optimal number of cluster heads by minimizing overall energy consumption during both cluster formation and steady-state transmission phases, thus improving network efficiency. The protocol refines the cluster head selection process by integrating residual energy and distance factors, resulting in a more balanced energy distribution and strategically placed cluster heads. Simulation results demonstrate that the LEAD-RP significantly extends the network’s operational lifetime.