Ontology Engineering for Modeling National Student Achievements in Higher Education

The need for structured and semantically rich data in higher education underscores the role of ontology-based knowledge modeling. This study develops an ontology to represent national-level student achievements, covering key aspects such as institution, achievement field, category, year, level, and student status. Using a formal ontology engineering approach, the ontology was developed in Protégé and encoded in OWL. Evaluation involved technical validation and reasoning tests including class subsumption, consistency checking, instance classification, and rule-based inference to assess logical soundness and semantic correctness. Description Logic (DL) queries were also executed based on competency questions to evaluate the ontology’s ability to support semantic querying. The results demonstrate that the ontology effectively supports knowledge inference and structured data retrieval, offering strong potential for integration within semantic web environments. This provides a foundation for data interoperability and knowledge sharing across educational systems at the national level. Future work includes expanding the ontology to incorporate dynamic achievement updates and linking with external educational data sources.