The Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Smart Policing Systems: Applications and Risk Governance

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), smart policing has emerged as a strategic priority in the modernization of public security systems. AI technologies such as facial recognition, video surveillance, big data analytics, and intelligent command systems have significantly enhanced the operational efficiency and precision of law enforcement. However, these technological gains are accompanied by structural risks, including data misuse, privacy violations, algorithmic bias, expanded police authority, and erosion of procedural justice. This paper reviews the current applications and development trends of AI in smart policing and critically examines the legal and ethical risks arising from such integration. It proposes a multi-dimensional governance framework comprising legal regulation, algorithm oversight, public accountability, and ethical training. The study argues that a balance between efficiency, safety, and fairness is essential for sustainable smart policing. Moving forward, it is imperative to synchronize AI governance with policing practices and promote international cooperation to establish unified standards for data protection and AI ethics.