The Impact of Synchronous, Asynchronous, and Hybrid Learning Models on the Self-Determined Motivation of EFL Learners: Investigating Learner Perceptions

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of synchronous, asynchronous, and hybrid learning models on the self-determined motivation of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Methods and Materials: The research employed an explanatory mixed-method design using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest approach. Four intact classes from Simaye Danesh Language Institute in Tehran were assigned to one control and three experimental groups representing different learning models. The Self-Determination Motivation Scale, measuring autonomy, competence, and relatedness on a 5-point Likert scale, was used for quantitative data collection. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants from the experimental groups for qualitative insights. Data were collected over half an academic year, with a pre-test at the beginning and a post-test at the end. Quantitative data were analyzed using ANOVA, and qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Findings: The results showed that the hybrid learning model yielded the highest post-test motivation scores among EFL learners, followed by the synchronous model, while the asynchronous model had the lowest scores among the experimental groups, though still higher than the traditional model. Qualitative analysis revealed three main themes contributing to improved motivation: increased engagement, flexibility in learning, and enhanced self-discipline. Conclusion: The hybrid learning model proved to be the most effective in enhancing self-determined motivation in EFL learners by offering a balanced combination of real-time interaction and flexible self-paced learning.