Apolipoproteins and cardiovascular disease: Risk factors, biomarkers, and potential treatments

Reducing cardiovascular risk requires effective and economical medicines, as cardiovascular disease is the primary reason of fatality and morbidity globally. While low density lipoprotein (LDL) is linked to higher chances of coronary heart ailments, atherosclerosis may also be influenced by other lipoproteins and the apolipoproteins that make them up. Higher heart attacks are linked to higher amounts of apolipoprotein (apo) B, an element of atherogenic lipoproteins, and a decreased amount of apo A-I, a constituent of anti-atherogenic high density lipoprotein (HDL). It has been shown that apo A-I, apo B, and the apo A-I/apo B ratio are more accurate indicators of coronary artery disease, and they even continue to be so in individuals undergoing lipid-modifying treatment. The assessment of these apolipoproteins may enhance the forecasting of cardiovascular risk. The first-line treatment for high cholesterol is the use of statins to inhibit the manufacture of cholesterol. However, in certain cases, other lipid-lowering drugs are needed to achieve desired concentration of LDL cholesterol. In the context of heart disease, this review provides a thorough discussion of different risk factors of cardiovascular disease, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and their involvement in pathological action that impact cardiovascular system along with clinical implications of apolipoproteins. Additionally, a summary of potential mechanisms of the cardioprotective effects of HDL and apo A-I with current and novel therapeutic processes to lessen the impact of lipid-induced cardiovascular disease is also given.