Influence of drivers of radicalism and violent extremism at macro and meso levels: The case of Kosovo

This paper analyses the influence of drivers of radicalism and violent extremism on the macro and meso-level in Kosovo, as well as the prevention indicators. The findings demonstrate that the primary catalyst for radicalism and violent extremism in Kosovo is rooted in religious (mis)interpretations. This driver is intricately linked with the influences of digital socialization and transnational dynamics. Conversely, other drivers have relatively minor effects. Regarding prevention measures of radicalism and violent extremism, the research suggests maintaining the secular foundations vital to Kosovo's and Albanian ethnic identity and enhancing education, knowledge, employment opportunities, and social welfare systems play a pivotal role in fortifying societal resilience and preventing radicalization. Additional prevention measures encompass combatting political nepotism in the public sector and addressing urban-rural disparities to counteract radicalism and violent extremism. The study is methodically structured around nine focus groups involving individuals aged 12 to 30, along with 17 interviews conducted with representatives from Kosovo institutions, religious leaders, and experts, which is further supported by the analyses of secondary sources.