Macro-level drivers of violent extremism in Tunisia through new institutionalism

Using a NEO-institutionalist approach, this article analyzes state-institutional dynamics and practices influencing radicalization and violent extremism (VE) in Tunisia in the context of political transformation after 2011. Focusing on macro-level analysis, it highlights institutional limitations such as slow innovation, poor coordination, and resistance to change. A key finding is the persistent triangular dynamic of regional disparities, socio-economic grievances, and unequal development at the heart of a failing long-standing governance-development model, fueling frustration especially among youths. Violent extremist narratives exploit these vulnerabilities, while moderate counter-narratives remain weak. The predominance of security-focused responses fails to address root causes, emphasizing the need for inclusive, preventive policies co-designed with communities and civil society. Effective VE prevention requires improved institutional coordination and engagement in in-depth consultation with all relevant stakeholders.