Molecular Approaches for Enhanced Detection and Identification of Leishmania Parasites in Endemic Hot Spots of Dir Lower, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a growing health concern in Pakistan, particularly in endemic regions such as District Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), where environmental and socio-economic conditions facilitate the spread of Leishmania parasites through infected sandflies. This study, conducted from May to September 2024, employed modern molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to detect and identify Leishmania species in the area. Out of 167 samples, 78.4% (131 samples) tested positive for Leishmania, highlighting PCR’s higher sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional diagnostic methods like microscopy. Genetic analysis identified Leishmania tropica as the most prevalent species, with a 98.85% similarity to previously documented strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed limited genetic variation within L. tropica, suggesting the presence of a genetically uniform parasite population in the region. This research emphasizes the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics into local health surveillance systems for early detection, accurate species identification, and effective disease management. It also offers vital insights into the genetic diversity of Leishmania tropica, which can inform targeted control measures to reduce the burden of CL in District Lower Dir and similar endemic areas.