Research Progress on the Differences Between Influenza A and B Viruses and Their Epidemiological Characteristics

Influenza is a prevalent acute respiratory disease caused primarily by influenza A (IAV) and B (IBV) viruses, both of which significantly impact global public health. Understanding the distinctions between IAV and IBV, especially regarding their structure, immune responses, and epidemiological patterns, is essential for developing effective preventive and treatment strategies. This study comprehensively compares IAV and IBV, examining differences in virus structure, including their segmented RNA genomes, and the unique mutations that characterize each. It explores how these differences affect immune response, pathogenicity, and clinical manifestations, highlighting IAVs diverse subtypes and IBVs distinct lineages. Epidemiological comparisons underscore differences in transmission modes, seasonal patterns, and infection rates, which are critical for tailoring public health responses. The study also discusses current vaccine developments and their respective impacts on managing IAV and IBV. Findings emphasize the necessity for continued research, particularly for a universal vaccine, improved early detection, and understanding the long-term health impacts of influenza, to advance public health protection.