First molecular identification of Spirometra mansoni in the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Croatia

This study presents the first molecularly confirmed identification of the cestode <i>Spirometra mansoni</i> in the golden jackals (<i>Canis aureus</i>) in Croatia, and possibly the first such report in Europe. Of 198 jackals examined between 2020 and 2025, adult <i>Spirometra</i> worms were recovered from three individuals. The morphological characteristics of these specimens were consistent with <i>S. mansoni</i>, and their identity was confirmed by PCR and sequencing of the mitochondrial <i>cox1</i> and <i>nad1</i> genes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the obtained sequences within the <i>S. mansoni</i> clade, with strong posterior probability support. This finding expands the known host range and geographic distribution of <i>S. mansoni</i> and underscores the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics in parasitological surveys. Further research is needed to assess the role of golden jackals and other wildlife in the epidemiology of <i>Spirometra</i> spp. in Europe.