Development of molecular markers for different traits and its application: A review

Crop breeding has been completely transformed by the creation of molecular markers, which make it possible to precisely identify genetic diversity and increase the effectiveness of trait selection. From first-generation RFLPs and RAPDs to more sophisticated systems like SSRs, SNPs, DArT, GBS, and KASP, this study outlines the development of marker technologies. The concepts, benefits, and drawbacks of each marker type are covered. The steps involved in developing a marker are described, including high-throughput genotyping, primer design, validation, and polymorphism area identification. The contributions of many applications, including genomic selection (GS), QTL mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genetic diversity analysis, and marker-assisted selection (MAS), to speeding up crop development are emphasized. Utilizing molecular markers in conjunction with genomic tools, machine learning, and genome editing has enormous potential for creating climate-resilient, high-performing crop varieties, despite ongoing obstacles such high costs, technical skills, and infrastructure requirements. Global food security and contemporary plant breeding continue to depend heavily on the ongoing development of marker technologies.