A comprehensive overview of nutritional and bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera seeds

Moringa oleifera, often referred to as the "Miracle Tree," is recognized for its high nutritional and medicinal value. This review investigates how agroclimatic zones and seasonal variations influence the seed quality and biochemical composition of Moringa oleifera. Parameters including germination percentage, seedling vigor, dry weight, test weight, electrical conductivity, seed size and average weight were considered. A significant variation was noted in these traits based on geographical and environmental conditions. Seeds from semi-arid zones generally exhibited higher vigor indices, better germination rates and more robust early growth compared to those from arid regions. The study also evaluates proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates) and biochemical attributes such as fatty acid profile, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, vitamin C content and mineral composition. Crude protein and fat content ranged notably across regions, reflecting environmental impacts on nutrient biosynthesis. Antioxidant capacity influenced by seasonal and locational variations was higher in seeds harvested from semi-arid and post-monsoon climates indicating stress-induced metabolic responses. Comparative insights with other oilseeds such as soybean, sesame and groundnut further highlighted that seed quality is strongly influenced by climate, altitude, soil type and growing season. Findings suggest that targeted region-specific cultivation and optimized harvesting can considerably enhance the nutritional value and industrial use value of Moringa seeds. This review highlights the importance of integrating agroclimatic data into breeding and cultivation strategies to improve seed performance across various ecological landscapes.