Magnetic nanomaterial in enhancing water splitting for hydrogen generation: potentials, challenges and perspectives: a critical review

Abstract Nanomaterials have emerged as pivotal components in advancing technologies, particularly in energy production and storage. This paper explores their unique properties, with a specific focus on magnetic nanomaterials for hydrogen generation through water splitting. As the global demand for clean and sustainable energy intensifies, hydrogen has been identified as a promising energy carrier due to its zero-emission profile and high energy density. The integration of magnetic fields with nanomaterials enhances reaction kinetics and mass transport during electrolysis, thereby significantly improving efficiency. This study reviews strategies for harnessing magnetic nanomaterials, such as ferrites, to optimize catalytic activity in water electrolysis. The mechanisms through which magnetic fields influence reaction dynamics, including enhanced charge transfer and reduced electron–hole recombination, are examined. Challenges, such as the stability of magnetic materials under operational conditions and the scalability of production methods, are also discussed. The findings underscore the transformative potential of magnetic nanomaterials in accelerating the transition to a hydrogen economy, offering critical insights for future research in renewable energy technologies.