High-dimensional immune profiling of follicular fluid and systemic circulation reveals distinct immune signatures in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Our findings highlight a compartment-specific immunome in PCOS, marked by distinct cytokine and angiogenic factor distributions in circulation versus follicular fluid. PCOS was characterized by elevated systemic inflammatory markers before treatment, which were partially normalized by TVOR, yet key immune differences persisted at the follicular level. These results underscore the utility of comprehensive multiparametric analyses-including high-dimensional flow cytometry-to uncover immune dysregulation and identify potential therapeutic targets in PCOS.