Monitoring Manganese and Iron Contamination in Groundwater: A Case Study From West Jakarta

ABSTRACT This study investigates the spatial distribution of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) contamination in shallow groundwater of West Jakarta from 2019 to 2023. A total of 56 sampling locations were analyzed, and concentration levels were assessed against the national standards. Spatial interpolation was performed using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method in ArcGIS to generate annual spatial maps to visualize the spread of contamination across the study area. Persistent hotspots were identified in districts such as Cengkareng, Tambora, and Kalideres, suggesting combined geogenic (underground mineral sources) and anthropogenic (human‐related activities, such as waste disposal or industrial runoff) influences, revealing localized concentration contaminant spikes, and highlighting the vulnerability of West Jakarta's groundwater system. These findings emphasize the need for targeted remediation, infrastructure improvements, and integrated urban water resource management.