The Impact of iPad-Based Translation Apps on English Language Proficiency: The Mediating Role of Learning Engagement among Saudi Learners

This study examines the impact of iPad-based translation apps on English language proficiency among Saudi learners, focusing on factors such as attitudes toward the use of translation apps (ATU), perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived helpfulness (PH), and learning engagement (LE). The study employs a mixed-methods approach integrating quantitative and quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test. The sample comprises a purposively selected group of first-year students enrolled in an English proficiency (EP) course among iPad-using students at four public universities in Saudi Arabia. The study employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) for analysing the direct and mediating relationships between these factors and EP. The results indicate that ATU, PEU, and PH influence learning engagement, enhancing English proficiency. The mediation analysis confirms LE is crucial in linking translation apps to EP. The analysis revealed statistical significances in mediating effects for all constructs: PEU (β = 0.125, p < 0.001), PH (β = 0.215, p < 0.001), and ATU (β = 0.121, p < 0.001). These effects were evident in reading proficiency gains (Z = -5.221, p < 0.001). The results of the pre-tests and post-tests reveal a significant improvement in language proficiency. Reading and vocabulary achieved the highest positive ranks (Mean Rank = 18.00, N = 35, Sum of Ranks = 630.00), while grammar followed (Mean Rank = 17.50, N = 34, Sum of Ranks = 595.00). All Z-values were highly significant (p = 0.000). The study highlights the effectiveness of iPad translation apps in improving language learning and underscores the importance of engagement in mobile-assisted language learning. This study offers valuable insights and recommendations to assist English language practitioners and learners, particularly within the growing domain of iPad usage in language learning.