Perception of people about primary shoulder stiffness and diabetes mellitus and their degree of concern

ABSTRACT Background: Adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder (FS) – an inflammatory condition that causes shoulder pain and restricts movement – manifests in primary (idiopathic) and secondary (posttraumatic) forms. Primary FS is associated with chronic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders. Aims: This study investigated the cognition of FS among patients with diabetes in Taif, Saudi Arabia, with the aim of enhancing awareness and identifying the associated factors. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional questionnaire was used for eligible participants to collect the knowledge levels of FS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of FS among 718 patients with diabetes between February 1, 2023, and May 31, 2024, in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and assessed awareness of FS among participants. The demographic and health characteristics were analyzed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. Data for the categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, and Fisher’s exact test was used to examine the univariate relationships. Statistical analysis was employed to identify factors associated with FS, including age, sex, duration of diabetes, and complications. Results: Of the 1459 respondents, 718 were diabetic and 18.4% were diagnosed with FS. Age, education level, physical activity, duration of diabetes, oral antidiabetic treatment, and diabetic complications were significantly associated with FS. Cardiovascular, neurological, and kidney complications were strong predictors of FS. A lack of awareness about FS and its association with diabetes was prevalent among the participants. Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of addressing knowledge gaps and implementing comprehensive healthcare strategies to manage FS in patients with diabetes. Further studies are required to explore the mechanisms underlying FS and develop targeted prevention and treatment approaches.