Advancements in Microbial Bioremediation of Oil Spills: Sustainable Strategies, Microbial Innovations, and Environmental Impacts

Oil spills pose severe threats to marine and terrestrial ecosystems, necessitating effective remediation strategies.This review synthesizes recent developments in microbial bioremediation, emphasizing sustainable strategies like biostimulation and bioaugmentation, microbial innovations such as genomic engineering and nanotechnology, and their environmental impacts.We explore degradation mechanisms, influencing factors, and real-world applications through case studies, including the Deepwater Horizon and Sanchi spills.Tables on strategies and case studies illustrate efficacy and limitations, while discussions on challenges like low temperatures and scalability highlight areas for improvement.The review concludes that ongoing research and integrated approaches can enhance bioremediation's role in ecosystem restoration, promoting long-term sustainability amid rising spill incidents.