Impact of Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors on Deforestation in Rwanda: A Case of Gicumbi District

This study examines the impact of socio-economic and environmental factors on deforestation in Gicumbi District, Rwanda, from 2004 to 2024. The objectives are to analyze spatial and temporal forest cover change, identify key socio-economic and environmental drivers, assess the effectiveness of restoration programs such as the “Green Gicumbi” initiative, and propose strategies for sustainable forest management. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining satellite imagery, remote sensing, and GIS mapping to detect forest loss hotspots, with field surveys, questionnaires, and policy reviews to capture socio-economic conditions and community perceptions. Results show significant forest decline over the past two decades, largely due to agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, and rapid population growth. Remote sensing confirmed continuous forest cover loss, while qualitative findings revealed low community awareness and limited participation in conservation. Restoration initiatives have had modest impact, hindered by weak enforcement, inadequate funding, and poor alignment between national goals and local needs. The study recommends participatory approaches that strengthen institutional capacity, expand agroforestry, promote sustainable agriculture, enhance awareness campaigns, and invest in community-led reforestation. Keywords: Socio-Economic, Environmental Factors, Deforestation, Gicumbi District, Rwanda