Urban Development and Land Use/Land Cover Changes in the European Borderlands of Nice and Monaco

Urban development in European cross-border regions significantly influences LULC changes, affecting environmental sustainability and regional planning. This study focuses on the France–Monaco borderlands, including the cities of Nice and Monaco, to analyze these dynamics between 2000 and 2018. Using the CLC dataset and GIS tools, we conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of LULC changes. Post-classification change detection and the AUEII were applied to quantify urban expansion and land conversion patterns. The built-up area in the study region expanded by approximately 28 km² over 18 years, with an average annual increase of more than 1.5 km². At the same time, natural and semi-natural areas, including forests and agricultural land, declined by approximately 11 km², reflecting a significant transformation of the landscape. Urban expansion accelerated notably after 2012, especially along major transportation corridors and coastal zones. Wetlands and water bodies remained relatively stable during this period. Rapid urbanization in the Nice–Monaco cross-border territory has led to substantial LULC changes, with implications for environmental sustainability and regional development. These findings underscore the need for integrated land management strategies that balance urban growth with conservation efforts, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas that span multiple borders. Coordinated policy and planning initiatives are crucial for mitigating environmental impacts while supporting socioeconomic development.