Diversity of Insect Pollinators Visiting Rohi Sarson (Brassica Juncea L.) in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Rapeseed is an important oilseed crop in Pakistan, and its yield can be significantly improved through insect pollination. Objective: To explore the diversity of insect pollinators visiting the rapeseed crop (locally known as Rohi Sarson, Brassica juncea) in Panjgrain, District Bhakkar, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: This Descriptive ecological survey was conducted in Panjgrain, District Bhakkar, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The crop was grown in October 2024 and flowered from February to April 2025, which coincided with the period of pollinator activity. During this time, data were collected using a cone-type hand net at regular intervals from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM, when insect activity was at its peak. Captured specimens were preserved and later identified using standard taxonomic methods and online identification tools. Results: A total of 18 insect species were recorded visiting the rapeseed flowers. These species were represented by four major insect classes, namely: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera. The best group was Hymenoptera, which comprised different species of honeybee and carpenter bee, mining bee, and paper wasp. It was also found that the dominant pollinators were the honeybees, which defined the production level and quality of the crop. Insects, such as hover flies, butterflies, and beetles, also contributed complementarily to pollination. The pollinators were affected by environmental factors, including temperature, sunlight, and time of day. Conclusions: The study concluded the significant role of insect pollinators in rapeseed production and indicated that sustainability in pollinator diversity on the farm enhances crop output with the help of pollinator-friendly farming systems.