Hydrogeochemical processes, characterization and groundwater quality evaluation in Southwestern Punjab, India

Groundwater quality assessment is critical due to its susceptibility to a range of natural and anthropogenic influences, which, if unmanaged, can pose serious environmental and public health risks. This study investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality evaluation in the southwestern districts of Punjab, India, with a focus on sustainable resource management. A total of 242 groundwater samples were systematically collected during the summer of 2019 across the districts of Mansa, Fazilka, Muktsar, Bathinda, Firozpur, and Faridkot. The samples were analyzed for almost all major cations, anions and other physicochemical parameters. Relative abundance of cations was Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K & anions were SO42− > HCO3− > Cl− > NO3− > F. Elevated concentrations of sulphate & nitrate were detected, highlighting the impact of agrochemical inputs. The plots of Wilcox and USSL plots revealed a declining trend in groundwater suitability for irrigation, affecting both shallow and deep aquifer sources, due to increasing salinity and sodium hazards. Hydrochemical data was interpreted using Gibbs diagram, Piper’s trilinear plot and Durov diagram to understand the various geochemical processes affecting the groundwater quality. Hydrochemical analysis indicates that rock–water interactions, evaporation & anthropogenic processes predominantly control groundwater composition, as evidenced by high levels of sodium and chloride. This study is significant as the surface water resources are limited and the quality and quantity of groundwater are deteriorating with time due to anthropogenic inputs. These findings underscore the necessity of continuous monitoring and informed groundwater management strategies to mitigate contamination and ensure long-term sustainability.