Tri-hybrid nanofluids for thermal applications: stability, magneto-hydrodynamics, and machine learning prediction

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive experimental and analytical investigation into the thermophysical and magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) properties of $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> / $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> /MWCNT/DIW tri-hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) across varying nanoparticle ratios with Sample A (15 wt.% $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 80 wt.% $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 5 wt.% MWCNT), Sample B (20 wt.% $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 70 wt.% $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 10 wt.% MWCNT), Sample C (20 wt.% $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 60 wt.% $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 20 wt.% MWCNT), Sample D (25 wt.% $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 50 wt.% $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 25 wt.% MWCNT), and Sample E (33.33 wt.% of each material). The effects of temperature (10–50 °C) on viscosity, thermal conductivity (TC), electrical conductivity (EC), stability, and sedimentation were analysed for advanced thermal management applications. Results indicate that the hybridization ratios markedly influence THNF properties. Higher $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> content enhances stability by reducing particle agglomeration, while increased $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and MWCNT fractions elevate EC, however, excessive MWCNT raises viscosity, potentially impacting pumping efficiency. Notably, Sample E offers an optimal balance of TC, stability, and viscosity at lower concentrations. pH measurements reveal an acidic trend that decreases with rising temperature and volume fraction, potentially leading to corrosion in metallic systems. Strategies such as surfactant addition and surface functionalization are proposed to mitigate these effects. Moreover, machine learning models (Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, LightGBM) identified temperature as the dominant factor influencing TC and viscosity, while nanoparticle volume fraction primarily affected pH and EC, achieving high predictive accuracy (R 2 &gt; 0.96, MSE &lt; 0.000025).

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Journal
Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling Experiments and Design
Published
2025-08-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-025-00968-z
Citations
5
Primary Topic
Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
3.37

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article

Tri-hybrid nanofluids for thermal applications: stability, magneto-hydrodynamics, and machine learning prediction

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5 citations
Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling Experiments and Design
Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer
3.37
article

Tri-hybrid nanofluids for thermal applications: stability, magneto-hydrodynamics, and machine learning prediction

Kuvendran Govinder, Mohsen Sharifpur, Josua P. Meyer, Emmanuel O. Atofarati, Victor O. Adogbeji
article en
5 citations

Abstract

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive experimental and analytical investigation into the thermophysical and magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) properties of $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> / $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> /MWCNT/DIW tri-hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) across varying nanoparticle ratios with Sample A (15 wt.% $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 80 wt.% $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 5 wt.% MWCNT), Sample B (20 wt.% $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 70 wt.% $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 10 wt.% MWCNT), Sample C (20 wt.% $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 60 wt.% $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 20 wt.% MWCNT), Sample D (25 wt.% $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 50 wt.% $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 25 wt.% MWCNT), and Sample E (33.33 wt.% of each material). The effects of temperature (10–50 °C) on viscosity, thermal conductivity (TC), electrical conductivity (EC), stability, and sedimentation were analysed for advanced thermal management applications. Results indicate that the hybridization ratios markedly influence THNF properties. Higher $${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Al</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> content enhances stability by reducing particle agglomeration, while increased $${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and MWCNT fractions elevate EC, however, excessive MWCNT raises viscosity, potentially impacting pumping efficiency. Notably, Sample E offers an optimal balance of TC, stability, and viscosity at lower concentrations. pH measurements reveal an acidic trend that decreases with rising temperature and volume fraction, potentially leading to corrosion in metallic systems. Strategies such as surfactant addition and surface functionalization are proposed to mitigate these effects. Moreover, machine learning models (Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, LightGBM) identified temperature as the dominant factor influencing TC and viscosity, while nanoparticle volume fraction primarily affected pH and EC, achieving high predictive accuracy (R 2 &gt; 0.96, MSE &lt; 0.000025).

Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling Experiments and DesignVol. 8(9)
China Medical University (TW), University of the Witwatersrand (ZA), University of Johannesburg (ZA), Stellenbosch University (ZA), University of Pretoria (ZA)
University of Pretoria
Openalex Percentile: Top 7%
Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer
3.37
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