Sustainable Coexistence: Wind Energy Development and Beekeeping Prosperity—A Propensity Score Matching Approach

Beneath the promise of clean energy, the rapid rise of wind energy farms has stirred mounting concern for pollinator-dependent livelihoods—particularly in beekeeping. This study investigates the effect of wind energy farms on honey-related income using data from six provinces in Turkiye’s Aegean region and the propensity score matching method. Results show that beekeepers operating near wind energy farms experience significantly higher incomes—an average treatment gain of 45,107 TL, with treated groups earning 56,515 TL more—backed by several robust statistical evidence such as placebo and bootstrap techniques. Certain groups—such as younger, nomadic, and family-trained beekeepers, and those receiving financial support—exhibit greater resilience. The findings highlight the need for land-use strategies that balance renewable energy development with ecological and economic concerns. Introducing bee-friendly vegetation around turbines is proposed as a practical solution. This approach can foster a mutually beneficial relationship between wind energy farms and beekeeping, supporting both rural livelihoods and the broader goals of sustainable development.