Balancing Safety and Growth: An Ecological Resilience Framework for Great Wall Tourism Towns

The Great Wall’s heritage, as an iconic symbol of traditional Chinese culture, has fostered prosperous development of the surrounding tourism industry. As a representative of linear cultural heritage, the Great Wall traverses mountainous regions and stretches thousands of kilometers. Given challenges such as climate change, complex geological conditions, and excessive tourism development, safeguarding the Great Wall’s heritage for sustainable tourism development is a pressing concern. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the interaction between ecological resilience and tourism development and to provide a coordinated spatial strategy for the sustainable management of Great Wall towns. From the perspective of ecological safety and resilience, this study focuses on towns located along the Beijing section of the Great Wall. Based on the foundational principles of ecological resilience assessment, an evaluation framework was established to assess the ecological resilience and tourism development levels of these towns during peak tourism periods. Furthermore, we applied a coupling coordination degree model to determine the relationship between ecological safety and resilience subsystems and tourism development. The analysis revealed the ecological safety, ecological resilience, and tourism development levels and their interrelationships in these towns. The assessment identified relatively safer areas such as the Gubeikou Great Wall, Badaling Great Wall, and adjacent tourism towns, revealing the interrelationships among these elements. We not only identified areas with certain ecological risks but also those exhibiting middle ecological resilience capacities, such as the Shuiguan Great Wall, Mutianyu Great Wall, and Jiuyanlou Great Wall, recommending moderate tourism development in these regions. For every town, this study also calculated the average and maximum values of the coupling coordination degree to guide future ecological construction and tourism strategies. Finally, we offer insights into the present state of ecological development in the studied regions and propose strategies to bolster ecological resilience and optimize spatial tourism layouts.