Vertiport Location Selection and Optimization for Urban Air Mobility in Complex Urban Scenes

Vertiports, as dedicated facilities for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, are essential to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). However, UAM infrastructure site selection has become increasingly complex due to limited land availability, complex spatial conditions, and the need to balance multiple objectives. Focusing on passenger-carrying UAM operations, this study proposes a systematic framework for vertiport site selection. First, key factors are classified into high, medium, and low levels across the safety, economic, and social dimensions, forming a modular evaluation system. A GIS-based spatial screening process is developed to identify potential vertiport locations. Subsequently, a variable representing the level of demand satisfaction is incorporated into a progressive coverage model specifically designed for vertiport site optimization. A hybrid algorithm is designed to solve the model. Using Shenzhen as a case study, the proposed approach is validated through real-world data. The results show that vertiport size and spatial requirements significantly influence the selection of suitable land types. High economic constraints may cause facility over-concentration, while setting standards aligned with regional functions better supports equitable access. Locating vertiports in high-demand areas enhances demand satisfaction levels, and both service capacity and range strongly influence overall system performance. These findings provide practical insights for future vertiport planning, promoting the efficient use of urban resources and supporting the successful implementation and sustainability of UAM.