Challenges in Harnessing Power From Fusion

Abstract Fusion energy presents a transformative alternative to traditional power generation systems, capable of producing immense heat. However, effectively harnessing this heat poses a critical challenge for the commercialisation of fusion technology. This paper explores advanced technologies with the potential to meet this challenge, focusing on the integration of Rankine (organic and steam) and Brayton (supercritical CO2 and helium) cycles within a fusion device. We assess the coupling of primary and secondary loops and consider how environmental factors and plant location influence the overall efficiency. The study also addresses the fusion-specific challenges such as: • pulsed versus steady-state operation, with a substantial but short-lived power requirement for startup. • The material challenges posed by neutron and plasma interactions, which degrade material properties and affect the efficiency of power generation cycle. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complexities involved in commercialising fusion technology from a power cycle perspective. While the obstacles are significant, this paper offers the scrutiny required for any emerging energy technology, establishing a foundation for overcoming these challenges to achieve commercial fusion power.