Reaction pathways and technologies of in vitro DNA synthesis

<h2>Summary</h2> Since DNA is the main carrier of genetic information, <i>in vitro</i> DNA synthesis plays a key role in the research of life science. Through the systematic research of DNA synthesis, the transformation or innovation of organisms could be controlled. This review has summarized the detailed synthesis reaction pathways that are classified by the key materials, including phosphodiester, phosphotriester, phosphite triester, phosphoramidite, and various enzymes. The latest advances of different fabrication technologies such as inkjet printing, on-column synthesis, photochemistry, and electrochemistry for <i>in vitro</i> DNA synthesis have also been investigated, especially inkjet-printing methods. Then, the developing trend of reaction routes and technologies for <i>in vitro</i> DNA synthesis has been proposed.