Synthesis to Application of 2D Nanomaterials: Advances from Graphene to MXenes and Their Integration into Energy, Electronic, and Biomedical Technologies

In 2004, scientists announced the synthesis of graphene in the world. Following this successful experiment, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials emerged due to their unique properties, such as ultrathin thickness, high conductivity, and lightweight, which are suitable for a wide range of applications such as disease detection devices, cancer therapy, energy storage, lubricants, plant development, and many more. These are unusual materials with large sizes and robust bonding. They typically have just one dimension ranging from 1 to 100 nm, while the remaining two dimensions are enormous (in micrometers). Aside from 2D nanomaterials, other sorts of nanomaterials are developed based on their dimension status, including 0D nanomaterials, 1D nanomaterials, and 3D nanomaterials. The three dimensions of space length (l), width (w), and height (h) may be used to compare the primary differences between all of these dimensions, as can a material. If the nanomaterial’s dimension is set at 100 nm, then a nanomaterial with 0D (quantum dots, etc.) indicates that each of its l, w, and h dimensions is less than 100 nm. One dimension (nanorods and nanotubes) (l, w, and h) is higher than 100 nm in 1D, while the other two dimensions are still less than 100 nm. 2D (nanosheets) indicates that just one of the three dimensions is still smaller than 100 nm, while the other two are larger than 100 nm. Finally, 3D (flower-like structured, cubical form, etc.) denotes that all three dimensions─l, w, and h─are larger than 100. In this review, the fresh progress of 2D nanomaterials is elaborated, which may provide beneficial knowledge for the beginner to understand the overall concept based on different applications and recent research.